Timeline of Western philosophers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Timeline of eastern | western philosophers

A wide-ranging list of philosophers from the Western traditions of philosophy. Included are not only philosophers (Socrates, Plato), but also those who have had a marked importance upon the philosophy of the day.

The list stops at the year 1950, after which philosophers fall into the category of Contemporary philosophy.

[edit] Western and Middle Eastern philosophers

[edit] Classical philosophers

[edit] 600-500 BCE

Thales of Miletus (ca. 624-546 BCE). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of water.
Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-546 BCE). Of the Milesian school. Famous for the concept of Apeiron, or "the boundless".
Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585-525 BCE). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of air.
Pythagoras of Samos (c. approx. 580-500 BCE). Of the Ionic school. Understood the deepest reality to be composed of numbers; believed that souls are immortal.
Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570-480 BCE). Sometimes associated with the Eleatic school. Politically anti-militant, and epistemically skeptical.

[edit] 500-400 BCE

Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. approx. 535-475 BCE). Of the Ionians. Emphasized the mutability of the world, which he understood to be analogous to fire.
Parmenides of Elea (c. 515-450 BCE). Of the Eleatics.
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-428 BCE). Of the Ionians. Atomist.
Zeno (c. approx. 490-430 BCE). Of the Eleatics. Famous for Zeno's paradoxes.
Empedocles of Acragas (c. 490-430 BCE). Believed in metaphysical doctrine of four elements. Advocate of ethical vegetarianism.
Protagoras of Abdera (c. 481-420 BCE). Sophist. Early advocate of relativism.
Hippias (middle of the 5th century BCE). Sophist.
Gorgias. (c. 483-375 BCE). Sophist.
Socrates of Athens (ca. 470-399 BCE). Emphasized virtue ethics. In epistemology, understood dialectic to be central to the pursuit of truth.
Leucippus of Miletus (First half of 5th century BCE). Atomist, Determinist.
Democritus of Abdera (c. 450-370 BCE). Atomist.
Archelaus. A pupil of Anaxagoras.
Melissus of Samos. Eleatic.
Cratylus.
Ion of Chios.
Echecrates.
Timaeus of Locri.

[edit] 400-300 BCE

Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 435-366 BCE). A Cyrenaic. Advocate of ethical hedonism.
Antisthenes (c. 444-365 BCE). Founder of Cynicism. Maintained that the wise cannot be fooled. Pupil of Socrates.
Xenophon (c. 427-355 BCE). Philosopher of history.
Plato (c. 427-347 BCE). Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Advocated polity governed by philosophers.
Diogenes of Sinope (c. approx. 399-323 BCE). Cynic.
Euclid (c. 325-265 BCE). Founder of Euclidean geometry.
Aristotle (c. 384-322 BCE). A polymath whose works ranged across all philosophical fields.
Strato of Lampsacus (ca. 340 BC–ca. 268 BC). Atheist, Materialist.
Xenocrates (c. 396-314 BCE). Disciple of Plato.
Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-270 BCE). Skeptic.

[edit] Hellenistic Philosophers

[edit] 300-200 BCE

Epicurus (c. 341-270 BCE). Materialist Atomist, hedonist.
Zeno of Citium (c. 333-264 BCE). Founder of Stoicism. Anarchist. Held that the acceptance of objectivity allows the overcoming of passions.
Timon (c. 320-230 BCE). Pyrrhonist, skeptic.
Chrysippus of Soli (c. 280-207 BCE). Major figure in Stoicism.

[edit] 200-100 BCE

Carneades (c. 214-129 BCE). Academic skeptic. Understood probability as the purveyor of truth.

[edit] 100-0 BCE

Lucretius (c. 99-55 BCE). Epicurean.

[edit] Roman Era Philosophers

[edit] 0-100 CE

Cicero (c.106 BCE-43 BCE)
Philo (c. 20 BCE-40 CE). Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts.
Seneca the Younger (ca. 4 BCE-65 CE). Stoic.

[edit] 100-200 CE

Epictetus (c.55-135). Stoic. Emphasized ethics of self-determination.
Marcus Aurelius (121-180). Stoic.

[edit] 200-400 CE

Sextus Empiricus (fl. during the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries CE). Skeptic, Pyrrhonist.
Plotinus (ca. 205-270). Neoplatonist. Had a holistic metaphysics.
Porphyry (c.232-304). Student of Plotinus.
Iamblichus of Syria (ca. 245-325). Late neoplatonist. Espoused theurgy.
Augustine of Hippo (c. 354-430). Original Sin. Church father.
Proclus (c. 412-485). Neoplatonist.

[edit] Western Medieval Era Philosophers

[edit] 500-800 CE

Boethius (c. 480–524).
John Philoponus (c. 490–570).

[edit] 800-900 CE

Al-Kindi (c. 801-873). Major figure in Islamic philosophy. Influenced by Neoplatonism.
John the Scot (ca. 815-877). Pelagian, neoplatonist, pantheist.

[edit] 900-1000 CE

al-Faràbi (c. 870-950). Major Islamic philosopher. Neoplatonist.
Saadia Gaon (c. 882-942).
al-Razi (c. 865-925). Rationalist. Major Islamic philosopher. Held that God creates universe by rearranging pre-existing laws.

[edit] 1000-1100 CE

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (c. 980-1037). Major Islamic philosopher.
Ibn Gabirol (Avicebron) (c. 1021-1058). Jewish philosopher.
Anselm (c. ~1034–1109). Christian philosopher. Produced ontological argument for the existence of God.
al-Ghazali (c. 1058-1111). Islamic philosopher. Mystic.

[edit] 1100-1200 CE

Peter Abelard (c. 1079-1142). Scholastic philosopher. Dealt with problem of universals.
Abraham ibn Daud (ca. 1110-1180). Jewish philosophy.
Peter Lombard (c. 1100-1160). Scholastic.
Averroes (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") (c. 1126-December 10, 1198). Islamic philosopher.
Maimonides (c. 1135-1204). Jewish philosophy.
St Francis of Assisi (c. 1182-1226). Ascetic.

[edit] 1200-1300 CE

Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175-1253).
Albert the Great (c. 1193-1280). Early Empiricist.
Roger Bacon (c. 1214-1294). Empiricist, mathematician.
Thomas Aquinas (c. 1221-1274). Christian philosopher.
Bonaventure (c. 1225-1274). Franciscan.
Siger (c. 1240-1280s). Averroist.
Boetius of Dacia. Averroist, Aristotelian.

[edit] 1300-1400 CE

Duns Scotus (c. 1266-1308). Franciscan, Scholastic.
Meister Eckhart (c. 1260-1328). Pantheist, mystic.
John Wycliffe (c.1320-1384).
Marsilius of Padua (c. 1270-1342). Understood chief function of state as mediator.
William of Ockham (c. 1288-1348). Franciscan. Scholastic. Nominalist, creator of Ockham's razor.
Gersonides (c. 1288-1344). Jewish philosopher.
Jean Buridan (c. 1300-1358). Nominalist.
Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340-~1411). Jewish philosopher.

[edit] 1400-1500 CE

Nicholas of Cusa (c. 1401-1464). Christian philosopher.
Lorenzo Valla (c. 1406-August 1, 1457). Humanist, critic of scholastic logic.
Pico della Mirandola (c. 1463-1494). Renaissance humanist.

[edit] Early Modern Philosophers

[edit] 1500-1550 CE

Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1466-1536). Humanist, advocate of free will.
Niccolò Machiavelli (c. 1469-1527). Political realism.
Copernicus (c. 1473-1543).
Sir Thomas More (c. 1478-1535). Humanist, created term "utopia".
Petrus Ramus (c. 1515-1572).
Martin Luther (c. 1483-1546). Major Western Christian theologian.

[edit] 1550-1600 CE

Teresa of Avila (c. 1515-1582). Spanish mystic.
Michel de Montaigne (c. 1533-1592). Humanist, skeptic.
Giordano Bruno (c. 1548-1600). Advocate of heliocentrism.
Francisco Suarez (c. 1548-1617). Politically proto-liberal.
John Calvin (c. 1509-1564). Major Western Christian theologian.
Pierre Charron (c. 1541-1603).

[edit] 1600-1650 CE

Marin Mersenne (c. 1588-1648). Cartesian.
Francis Bacon (c. 1561-1626). Empiricist.
Hugo Grotius (c. 1583-1645). Natural law theorist.
Galileo Galilei (c. 1564-1642). Heliocentrist.
Herbert of Cherbury. Nativist.
Pierre Gassendi (c. 1592-1655). Mechanicism. Empiricist.
Elizabeth of Bohemia (c. 1618-1680). Non-dualist.
Queen Kristina (c. 1626-1689).
René Descartes (c. 1596-1650). Heliocentrism, dualism, rationalism.
Pierre de Fermat (c. 1601-1665). Probability theorist.
Robert Filmer (c. 1588-1653).

[edit] 1650-1700 CE

Thomas Hobbes (c. 1588-1679). Political realist.
Joseph Glanvill (c. 1636-1680).
Arnold Geulincx (c. 1624-1669). Important occasionalist theorist.
Blaise Pascal (c. 1623-1662). Physicist, scientist. Noted for Pascal's wager.
Henry More (c. 1614-1687).
Geraud Cordemoy. Dualist.
Pierre Nicole (c. 1625-1695).
Ralph Cudworth (c. 1617-1688). Cambridge Platonist.
Margaret Cavendish (c. 1623-1673). Materialist, feminist.
Antoine Arnauld (c. 1612-1694).
Richard Cumberland (c. 1631-1718). Early proponent of utilitarianism.
Jacques Rohault.(c.1617-1672) [Cartesian]
Simon Foucher (c. 1644-1696). Skeptic.
Robert Boyle (c. 1627-1691).
Nicolas Malebranche (c. 1638-1715). Cartesian.
Samuel von Pufendorf (c. 1632-1694). Social contract theorist.
Baruch Spinoza (c. 1632-1677).
Isaac Newton (c. 1643-1727).
Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway (c. 1631-1679).
Pierre Régis.
John Locke (c. 1632-1704). Major Empiricist. Political philosopher.
Damaris Masham.
John Toland (c. 1670-1722).
Pierre Bayle (c. 1647-1706). Pyrrhonist.
Madeline de Souvré.

[edit] 1700-1750 CE

Samuel Clarke (c. 1675-1729).
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (c. 1671-1713).
John Norris (c. 1657-1711). Malebranchian.
Gottfried Leibniz (c. 1646-1716). Co-inventor of the calculus.
George Berkeley (c. 1685-1753). Idealist, empiricist.
Catherine Cockburn (c. 1679-1749).
Giambattista Vico (c. 1668-1744).
Bernard Mandeville (c. 1670-1733).
Francis Hutcheson (c. 1694-1746). Proto-utilitarian.
Joseph Butler (c. 1692-1752).
Christian Wolff (c. 1679-1754). Determinist, rationalist.
John Gay (philosopher).
David Hume (c. 1711-1776). Empiricist, skeptic.
Julien La Mettrie (c. 1709-1751). Materialist, genetic determinist.
David Hartley (c. 1705-1757).
Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (c. 1689-1755). Skeptic, humanist.

[edit] 1750-1800 CE

Etienne de Condillac.
Richard Price (c. 1723-1791). Political liberal.
Jean d'Alembert (c. 1717-1783).
Voltaire (c. 1694-1778).
Denis Diderot (c. 1713-1784).
John Wesley (c. 1703-1791).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (c. 1712-1778). Social contract political philosopher.
Baron d'Holbach (c. 1723-1789). Materialist, atheist.
Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771). Utilitarian.
Adam Smith (c. 1723-1790). Economic theorist, member of Scottish Enlightenment.
Thomas Jefferson (c. 1743-1826). Liberal political philosopher.
Thomas Reid (c. 1710-1796). Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy.
G.E. Lessing (c. 1729-1781).
Edmund Burke (c. 1729-1797). Conservative political philosopher.
Immanuel Kant (c. 1724-1804). Deontologist, proponent of synthetic a priori truths.
Mary Wollstonecraft (c. 1759-1797). Feminist.
Jeremy Bentham (c. 1748-1832). Utilitarian, hedonist.
Moses Mendelssohn (c. 1729-1786). Member of the Jewish Enlightenment.
Sylvain Maréchal (c. August 15, 1750—January 18, 1803) Anarcho-communist ,Deist
Dugald Stewart (c. 1753-1828).
William Godwin (c. 1756-1836). Anarchist, utilitarian.
Friedrich Schiller (c. 1759-1805).
William Paley (c. 1743-1805).
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (c. 1762-1814).

[edit] Modern Philosophers

[edit] 1800-1850 CE

Joseph de Maistre (c. 1753-1821) Conservative
Madame de Staël (c. 1766-1817).
F.W.J. von Schelling (c. 1775-1854). German idealist.
Friedrich Schleiermacher (c. 1768-1834). Hermeneutician.
P.S. de Laplace (c. 1749-1827). Determinist.
G.W.F. Hegel (c. 1770-1831). German idealist.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (c. 1744-1829). Early evolutionary theorist.
Comte de Saint-Simon (c. 1760-1825). Socialist.
Arthur Schopenhauer (c. 1788-1860). Pessimist.
Richard Whately (c. 1787-1863).
Charles Babbage (c. 1791-1871).
John Austin (c. 1790-1859). Legal positivist, utilitarian.
Auguste Comte (c. 1798-1857). Social philosopher, positivist.
William Whewell (c. 1794-1866).
James Mill (c. 1773-1836). Utilitarian.
P.J. Proudhon (c. 1809-1865). Anarchist.
Bernard Bolzano (c. 1781-1848).
Ralph Waldo Emerson (c. 1803-1882). Trancendentalist, abolitionist, egalitarian, humanist.
Ludwig Feuerbach (c. 1804-1872).
Augustus De Morgan (c. 1806-1871). Logician.
Charles Darwin (c. 1809-1882).
Margaret Fuller (c. 1810-1850). Egalitarian.
Søren Kierkegaard (c. 1813-1855). Existentialist.
Henry David Thoreau (c. 1817-1862). Trancendentalist, pacifist.

[edit] 1850-1900 CE

Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883). Egalitarian.
Karl Marx (c. 1818-1883). Socialist, formulated historical materialism.
Harriet Taylor Mill (c. 1807-1858). Egalitarian, utilitarian.
Friedrich Engels (c. 1820-1895). Egalitarian, dialectical materialist.
Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet (c. 1788-1856).
J. S. Mill (c. 1806-1873). Utilitarian.
Rudolf Lotze.
Herbert Spencer (c. 1820-1903). Nativism, libertarianism, social Darwinism.
John Venn (c. 1834-1923).
Susan B. Anthony (c. 1820-1906). Feminist.
Mikhail Bakunin (c. 1814-1876). Revolutionary anarchist.
Franz Brentano (c. 1838-1917). Phenomenologist.

Henry Sidgwick (c. 1838-1900). Rationalism, utilitarianism.
Richard Dedekind (c. 1831-1916).
W. K. Clifford (c. 1845-1879). Evidentialist.
Charles Peirce (c. 1839-1914). Pragmatist.
Edward Caird (c. 1835-1908). Idealist.
Ernst Mach (c. 1838-1916). Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism.
T.H. Green (c. 1836-1882). British idealist.
Gottlob Frege (c. 1848-1925). Influential analytic philosopher.
Wilhelm Dilthey (c. 1833-1911).
Friedrich Nietzsche (c. 1844-1900). Naturalistic philosopher, influence on Existentialism.
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) (c. 1832-1898).
Bernard Bosanquet (c. 1848-1923). Idealist.
Giuseppe Peano (c. 1858-1932).
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (c. 1815-1902). Egalitarian.
David George Ritchie (c. 1853–1903). Idealist.
Émile Durkheim (c. 1858–1917). Social philosopher.
William James (c. 1842-1910). Pragmatist.
Josiah Royce (c. 1855-1916). Idealist.
F.H. Bradley (c. 1846-1924) . Idealist.
Vilfredo Pareto (c. 1848-1923). Social philosopher.
Thorstein Veblen (c. 1857-1929). Social philosopher.
Sigmund Freud (c. 1856-1939). Creator of psychodynamic philosophy of mind.
Max Weber (c. 1864-1920). Social philosopher.
Henri Bergson (c. 1859-1941).
John Dewey (c. 1859-1952). Pragmatist.
Alexius Meinong (c. 1853-1920). Logical realist.
Cook Wilson.
Henri Poincaré (c. 1854-1912).
Pierre Duhem (c. 1861-1916).
Edmund Husserl (c. 1859-1938). Founder of phenomenology.
Samuel Alexander (c. 1859-1938). Perceptual realist.
Jane Addams (c. 1860-1935). Pragmatist.
Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison (c. 1856-1931).
G.E. Moore (c. 1873-1958). Common sense theorist, ethical non-naturalist.
Benedetto Croce (c. 1866-1952).
Carl Jung (c. 1875-1961). Founded analytical psychology.
Emma Goldman (c. 1869-1940). Anarchist.
Hans Vaihinger (c. 1852-1933). Specialist in counterfactuals.
Rosa Luxemburg (c. 1870-1919). Marxist political philosopher.
Miguel de Unamuno (c. 1864-1936).
Ferdinand de Saussure (c. 1857-1913). Linguistic structuralist.
J. M. E. McTaggart (c. 1866-1925). Idealist.
George Herbert Mead (c. 1863-1931). Pragmatist, symbolic interactionist.
Alfred North Whitehead (c. 1861-1947). Logician.
Martin Buber (c. 1878-1965). Jewish philosopher, existentialist.

[edit] 1900-2000 CE

George Santayana (c. 1863-1952). Pragmatist, naturalist; known for many aphorisms
Bertrand Russell (c. 1872-1970). Atheist, socialist, extremely influential
Giovanni Gentile (c. 1875-1944). Idealist and Fascist philosopher
Georg Lukács (c. 1885-1971). Marxist philosopher.
C. D. Broad (c. 1887-1971).
A.O. Lovejoy (c. 1873-1962).
W.D. Ross (c. 1877-1971). Deontologist.
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (c. 1881-1955). Christian evolutionist.
Nikolai Berdyaev (c. 1874-1948). Existentialist.
Hans Kelsen (c. 1881-1973). Legal positivist.
Moritz Schlick (c. 1882-1936). Founder of Vienna Circle, logical positivism.
Otto Neurath (c. 1882-1945). Member of Vienna Circle.
Frank P. Ramsey (c. 1903-1930). Proposed redundancy theory of truth.
Ernst Cassirer (c. 1874-1945).
Nicolai Hartmann (c. 1882-1950).
Karl Barth (c. 1886-1968).
Walter Terence Stace (c. 1886-1967)
Martin Heidegger (c. 1889-1976). Phenomenologist.
Kurt Gödel (c. 1906-1978). Vienna Circle.
Ralph Barton Perry (c. 1876-1957).
Antonio Gramsci (c. 1891-1937). Marxist philosopher.
Roman Ingarden (c. 1893-1970). Perceptual realist, phenomenalist.
C.I. Lewis (c. 1883-1964). Conceptual pragmatist.
Gaston Bachelard (c. 1884-1962).
A.J. Ayer (c. 1910-1989). Logical positivist, emotivist.
Friedrich Waismann (c. 1896-1959). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
Jacques Maritain (c. 1882-1973). Human rights theorist.
José Ortega y Gasset (c. 1883-1955). Philosopher of History.
Alfred Tarski (c. 1901-1983). Created T-Convention in semantics.
Rudolf Carnap (c. 1891-1970). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
H.L.A. Hart (c. 1907-1992). Legal positivism.
Willard van Orman Quine (c. 1908-2000).
Brand Blanshard (c. 1892-1987).
E. Nagel (c. 1901-1985). Logical positivist.
Karl Popper (c. 1902-1994). Falsificationist.
Ernest Addison Moody (c. 1903-1975).
Jean-Paul Sartre (c. 1905-1980). Humanism, existentialism.
Gilbert Ryle (c. 1900-1976).
H.H. Price.
Susanne Langer (c. 1895-1985).
Albert Camus (c. 1913-1960). Absurdist.
Mortimer Adler (c. 1902-2001).
Karl Jaspers (c. 1905-1982). Existentialist.
Ayn Rand (c. 1905-1982).
C.L. Stevenson (c. 1908-1979).
Ludwig Wittgenstein (c. 1889-1951). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist.
Theodor Adorno (c. 1903-1969). Frankfurt School.
Alan Turing (c. 1912-1954). Functionalist in philosophy of mind.
H.A. Prichard (c. 1871-1947). Moral intuitionist.
Gabriel Marcel (c. 1889-1973). Christian existentialist.
Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979). Frankfurt School.
Simone Weil (c. 1909-1943).
Simone de Beauvoir (c. 1908-1986). Existentialist, feminist.
Frantz Fanon (c. 1925-1961).
John Howard Yoder (c. 1927-1997) . Pacifist.
John Rawls (1921-2002). Liberal.
Robert Nozick (1938-2002). Libertarian.
Richard Rorty (1931-2007). Pragmatism, Postanalytic philosophy.
Jacques Derrida (1930-2004). Deconstruction.
Michel Foucault (1926-1984). Structuralism, Post-structuralism, Postmodernism.

[edit] See also

From this point in time forward, see Contemporary philosophy.
Category:21st century philosophers

[edit] References

Kemerling, Garth (2002). Timeline of Western Philosophers. http://www.philosophypages.com
LaFave, Sandra (2006). Chronological List of Western Philosophers. http://instruct.westvalley.edu/lafave/CRONLIST.htm
Russell, Bertrand (MCMLIX). Wisdom of the West. London: Rathbone Books, Ltd..

[edit] External links

Jewish Intellectual Timeline, a parallel history of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectual ideas